Every organisation struggles with the same problem: access rights are granted for good reasons at a specific moment in time, and then they stay granted forever, regardless of whether the reason still applies. A project finishes, but the project system access remains. A contractor's contract ends, but their permissions in the finance system remain. An employee moves departments four times over ten years, accumulating access from every role they have ever held, without any of the previous role's access ever being reviewed or removed.
This access accumulation, sometimes called “privilege creep”, creates two simultaneous problems. The security problem is obvious: every unnecessary permission is an unnecessary attack surface. The compliance problem is equally serious. When an auditor asks you to demonstrate that access to your financial systems is restricted to authorised personnel, you need to be able to answer that question completely, accurately, and with documented evidence. Without IGA, that evidence simply does not exist in any usable form.
Identity Governance and Administration is the discipline that creates that evidence. IGA provides continuous visibility into who has access to what across every connected system, the ability to review and certify that access on a regular schedule, and the tools to manage roles, detect conflicts, and enforce the principle of least privilege at enterprise scale.